What are the consequences of ignoring cross-loadings in bifactor models? A simulation study assessing parameter recovery and sensitivity of goodness-of-fit indices.
Resumen: Bifactor latent models have gained popularity and are widely used to model
construct multidimensionality. When adopting a confirmatory approach,
a common practice is to assume that all cross-loadings take zero values.
This article presents the results of a simulation study exploring the impact
of ignoring non-zero cross-loadings on the performance of confirmatory
bifactor analysis. The present work contributes to previous research by
including study conditions that had not been examined before. For instance,
a wider range of values of the factor loadings both for the group factors and
the cross-loadings is considered. Parameter recovery is analyzed, but the
focus of the study is on assessing the sensitivity of goodness-of-fit indices
to detect the model misspecification that involves ignoring non-zero crossloadings.
Several commonly used SEM fit indices are examined: both biased
estimators of the fit index (CFI, GFI, and SRMR) and unbiased estimators
(RMSEA and SRMR). Results indicated that parameter recovery worsens when
ignoring moderate and large cross-loading values and using small sample
sizes, and that commonly used SEM fit indices are not useful to detect such
model misspecifications. We recommend the use of the unbiased SRMR index
with a cutoff value adjusted by the communality level (R2), as it is the only
fit index sensitive to the model misspecification due to ignoring non-zero
cross-loadings in the bifactor model. The results of the present study provide
insights into modeling cross-loadings in confirmatory bifactor models but
also practical recommendations to researchers.
Identificador universal: https://hdl.handle.net/10641/3335
Fecha: 2022
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- MEDICINA [818]