Browsing by Author "Verde, Zoraida"
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Item Is there an optimum endurance polygenic profile?(The Journal of Physiology, 2009) Ruiz, Jonatan R.; Gómez-Gallego, Félix; Santiago, Catalina; González-Freire, Marta; Verde, Zoraida; Foster, Carl; Lucia, AlejandroWe analysed seven genetic polymorphisms that are candidates to explain individual variations in human endurance phenotypic traits, at least in Caucasian people (ACE Ins/Del, ACTN3 Arg577Ter, AMPD1 Gln12Ter, CKMM 1170 bp/985 + 185 bp, HFE His63Asp, GDF-8 Lys153Arg and PPARGC1A Gly482Ser) in 46 world-class endurance athletes and 123 controls (all Spanish Caucasians). Using the model developed by Williams & Folland we determined (1) the 'total genotype score' (TGS, from the accumulated combination of the seven polymorphisms, with a maximum value of '100' for the theoretically optimal polygenic score) in the non-athlete (control) group, in the athlete group and in the total Spanish population, and (2) the probability for the occurrence of Spanish individuals with the 'perfect' polygenic endurance profile (i.e. TGS = 100). The probability of a Spanish individual possessing a theoretically optimal polygenic profile for up to the seven candidate genetic polymorphisms we studied was very small, i.e. approximately 0.07% (or 1 in 1351 Spanish individuals). The mean TGS was higher in athletes (70.22 +/- 15.58) than in controls (62.43 +/- 11.45) and also higher than predicted for the total Spanish population (60.80 +/- 12.1), suggesting an overall more 'favourable' polygenic profile in the athlete group. However, only three of the best Spanish endurance athletes (who are also amongst the best in the world) had the best possible score for up to six genes and none of them had the optimal profile. Other polymorphisms yet undiscovered as well as several factors independent of genetic endowment may explain why some individuals reach the upper end of the endurance performance continuum.Item Unique among unique. Is it genetically determined?(British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2009) González-Freire, Marta; Santiago, C.; Verde, Zoraida; Jao, J. I.; Oiivan, J.; Gómez-Gallego, F.; Lucia, A.The cross-country world championship is one of the best models to study characteristics needed to achieve top-level endurance athletic capacity. We report the genotype combination of a recent cross-country champion (12 km race) in polymorphisms of seven genes that are candidates to influence endurance phenotype traits (ACTN3, ACE, PPARGC1A, AMPD1, CKMM, GDF8 (myostatin) and HFE). His data were compared with those of eight other runners (world-class but not world champions). The only athlete with the genotype theoretically more suited to attaining world-class endurance running performance was the case study subject. A favourable genetic endowment, together with exceptional environmental factors (years of altitude living and training in this case), seems to be necessary to attain the highest possible level of running endurance performance.