Ibáñez Ayuso, María JoséIbáñez Ayuso, María JoséRuiz Alberdi, CristinaRuiz-Alberdi Fernández, Cristina2026-01-132026-01-132025-01-02Ibáñez Ayuso, M J & Ruiz-Alberdi Fernández, C 2025, 'Directrices internacionales sobre la educación ciudadana : una aproximación crítica', European Public and Social Innovation Review, vol. 10. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2025-14772529-9824unpaywall: 10.31637/epsir-2025-1477https://hdl.handle.net/10641/7193Publisher Copyright: © 2025, HISIN (History of Information Systems). All rights reserved.Introduction: Citizenship education is one of the aspects being promoted by international organizations in response to the phenomena of political polarization, violence, and discrimination among new generations. This study analyzes the documents produced by the working group "Equality and Values in Education" of the European Commission in order to understand the pedagogical approach underlying these documents.Methodology: A qualitative study is conducted based on document analysis using grounded theory. Results: The results identify the main issues addressed by this group as educational inclusion, the prevention of discrimination and hate speech, and the reduction of the gender gap. Additionally, the contents that could be part of this civic education are not specified, and significant issues related to gender, such as trafficking, are overlooked. Discussions: The results are discussed in light of eight educational phenomena: the instrumentalization of education, the primacy of means, the rise of competencies, neutrality, the erosion of educational language, the renewed interest in non-formal education, and the challenges of validation. Conclusions: The study concludes that there is an urgent need to expand these documents in light of the highlighted phenomena.432739spahttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/SDG-5active citizenshipcitizenship educationcivic educationequitygenderinternational organizationstraffickingDesarrolloSociología y ciencias políticasEconomía, econometría y finanzas (miscelánea)ODS 5: Igualdad de géneroODS 16: Paz, justicia e instituciones sólidasSiSijournal articleopen access10.31637/epsir-2025-1477https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85218773779https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85218773779#tab=citedBy