Millán-Palacios, SandraSánchez-Soriano, Javier2025-12-192025-12-192025-07Millán-Palacios, S & Sánchez-Soriano, J 2025, 'Investment Portfolios Optimization with Genetic Algorithm : An Approach Applied to the Spanish Market (IBEX 35)', Electronics (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 13, 2559. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics141325592079-9292unpaywall: 10.3390/electronics14132559https://hdl.handle.net/10641/6845Publisher Copyright: © 2025 by the authors.The results of this study validate the use of single-objective genetic algorithms as an effective tool for portfolio optimization in the Spanish market. Through an evolutionary approach with advanced objective functions and a phased structure (training, validation, and testing), the quality and stability of the generated portfolios were significantly improved. The single-objective genetic algorithms with a Complex Objective Function (SGA-COF-1) model delivered outstanding returns with high robustness and were adaptable to different risk profiles, including the ESG criteria. These contributions open multiple future research directions, such as the incorporation of predictive models, expansion to international markets, and the use of more sophisticated evolutionary algorithms. The proposed methodological framework (flexible and scalable) provides a solid foundation for the development of automated and sustainable quantitative investment solutions.1326728enghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ESG criteriaIBEX 35artificial intelligenceautomated quantitative investinggenetic algorithmsobjective functionportfolio optimizationrobust portfolio constructionControl and Systems EngineeringSignal ProcessingHardware and ArchitectureComputer Networks and CommunicationsElectrical and Electronic EngineeringYesyesjournal articleopen access10.3390/electronics14132559https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105010302182https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105010302182#tab=citedBy