Solarin, SakiruGil-Alana, Luis A.Goenechea, MariaMartín-Valmayor, Miguel A.2026-01-042026-01-042025-04Solarin, S, Gil-Alana, L A, Goenechea, M & Martín-Valmayor, M A 2025, 'Black carbon emissions persistence : Evidence from 27 European Union countries using fractional integration', Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 212, 115327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.1153271364-0321https://hdl.handle.net/10641/6944Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The AuthorsThis paper focuses on the analysis of black carbon emissions persistence in the long term (1820–2019) using data for the 27 European Union countries. We extend the traditional analysis based on stationarity I(0) and unit root I(1) tests to the case of fractional integration. Empirical results show very high levels of persistence in the majority of the countries. The hypothesis of mean reversion (i.e., d < 1) cannot be rejected in five countries (Denmark, Ireland, Belgium, Malta and Poland) and a slow reverting process is observed. For the rest of the countries, shocks are expected to be persistent with no mean reversion. Structural breaks reveal no major changes in recent times. Therefore, additional policies are recommended to reduce current levels of emissions and to change the long-term pattern.104084245enghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Black carbon emissionsEuropean Union countriesFractional integrationPersistenceRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the EnvironmentSDG 7 - Affordable and Clean EnergyYesyesjournal articleopen access10.1016/j.rser.2024.115327https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85216120220https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85216120220#tab=citedBy