Person: Trinidad Morales, Alfonso
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Alfonso
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Trinidad Morales
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Item Perceived Coach Leadership Profiles and Relationship With Burnout, Coping, and Emotions(Frontiers in Psychology, 2019) González García, Higinio; Martinent, Guillaume; Trinidad Morales, AlfonsoThe aims of the study were to identify coach profiles and examine whether participants from distinct profiles significantly differed on burnout, emotions, and coping or not. A sample of 268 athletes (Mage D 29.34; SD = 12.37) completed a series of self-reported questionnaires. Cluster analyses revealed two coach leadership profiles: (a) profile 1 with high scores of training and instruction, authoritarian behavior, social support, and positive feedback, and a low score of democratic behavior; and (b) profile 2 with low levels in training and instruction, authoritarian behavior, social support, and positive feedback and high levels in democratic behavior. Results of Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) indicated significant differences across coach profiles on reduced accomplishment, sport devaluation, happiness and seeking support and marginal differences on dejection, logical analysis, imagery/thought control, and excitement. Moreover, coach leadership profiles were not confounded by demographic variables (level of competition, gender, age, number of practice hours, professional versus no professional athletes). As a conclusion, the profile approach offered a holistic way to examine coach leadership in sport as two distinct coach profiles emerged from the cluster analyses with an unexpected combination of coach leadership dimensions.Item How Mixed Relay Teams in Swimming Should Be Organized for International Championship Success.(Frontiers in Psychology, 2021) Veiga, Santiago; Santos del Cerro, Jesús; Rodríguez, Luis; Trinidad Morales, Alfonso; González Ravé, José MaríaThe primary goal of the present research was to determine the order of swimmers on a mixed relay team that would ensure the best performance in the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) World Championships held in Kazan (Russia, 2015), Budapest (Hungary, 2017), and Gwangju (South Korea, 2019). The data were obtained from database websites for the 4 × 100 m freestyle and 4 × 100 m medley official results,1 including 660 records from 188 entries of finals and 472 preliminary events. The results showed that the fastest swimmers (according to their best season times) were located primarily in the first or second positions of the freestyle relay. The most successful gender strategy for the 4 × 100 m freestyle (57 out of 82 observations) and for the 4 × 100 m medley (29 out of 83) relays was the order male-male-female-female, although no statistical differences were found (p = 0.79) for the medley relays. In the 4 × 100 m freestyle, the second (p = 0.002; β = 1.62) and third (p =0.003; β = 1.41) relay legs had a statistical effect on the total relay time, whereas in the 4 × 100 m medley, all four relay legs had a statistical effect (p < 0.001) on the final performance, the weight of the four strokes being different in heats with respect to the final round. Also, a later position of the first female swimmer or the consecutive position of two female swimmers in the team order significantly affected the relay performance in specific events. Mixed relay events appeared to present specific strategies in comparison to traditional male- or female-only relay lineups.Item How Should the Transition from Underwater to Surface Swimming Be Performed by Competitive Swimmers?(Applied Sciences, 2021) Stosic, Jelena; Veiga, Santiago; Trinidad Morales, Alfonso; Navarro, EnriqueDespite the increasing importance of the underwater segment of start and turns in competition and its positive influence on the subsequent surface swimming, there is no evidence on how the transition from underwater to surface swimming should be performed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the role of segmental, kinematic and coordinative parameters on the swimming velocity during the pre-transition and transition phases. A total of 30 national male swimmers performed 4 × 25 m (one each stroke) from a push start at maximum velocity while recorded from a lateral view by two sequential cameras (50 Hz), and their kinematic and coordinative swimming parameters were calculated by means of two-dimensional direct linear transformation (DLT) algorithms. Unlike pre-transition, backward regression analysis of transition significantly predicted swimming velocity in all strokes except breaststroke (R2 ranging from 0.263 in front crawl to 0.364 in butterfly). The inter-limb coordination was a predictor in butterfly stroke (p = 0.006), whereas the body depth and inclination were predictors in the alternate strokes (front crawl (p = 0.05) and backstroke (p = 0.04)). These results suggest that the body position and coordinative swimming parameters (apart from kicking or stroking rate and length) have an important influence on the transition performance, which depends on the swimming strokes.Item Relación entre motivos de inicio, mantenimiento y el éxito deportivo internacional.(Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 2020) González García, Higinio; Pelegrín, Antonia; Trinidad Morales, AlfonsoLos objetivos de este trabajo fueron: Comprobar si existían diferencias en los motivos de inicio y mantenimiento en el deporte entre los deportistas con éxitos internacionales y sin éxitos internacionales; conocer qué motivo de inicio y de mantenimiento en el deporte se relaciona con tener éxitos a nivel internacional. La muestra estuvo formada por 502 deportistas, de los cuales 38 de ellos tuvieron éxitos a nivel internacional. Los resultados mostraron que los deportistas con éxitos internacionales presentan mayor prevalencia en iniciarse y mantenerse en el deporte por el motivo “Competir con otros deportistas”, que aquellos deportistas que no obtuvieron éxitos internacionales. Por otro lado, los deportistas que no obtuvieron éxitos internacionales mostraron mayor prevalencia en iniciarse en el deporte por el motivo “Mejorar tu salud y/o aspecto físico”. Los análisis de regresión mostraron que, el motivo de "competir con otros deportistas" se relaciona con tener éxitos internacionales en su etapa de inicio (OR=1.17) y mantenimiento (OR=2.48). Se concluyó que los deportistas con éxitos internacionales se relacionan con el motivo “competir con otros deportistas”, tanto en el inicio como en el mantenimiento de la práctica deportiva.Item The Transition from Underwater to Surface Swimming During the Push-off Start in Competitive Swimmers.(Journal of Human Kinetics, 2020) Trinidad Morales, Alfonso; Veiga, Santiago; Navarro, Enrique; Lorenzo, AlbertoThe objective of the present study was to analyze (based on gender and the style of swimming) the kinematic parameters of the transition phase between underwater swimming and surface swimming after the push-off start in competitive national swimmers. Seventy-four swimmers participating in the Spanish Swimming Championships were filmed and analyzed by DLT-2D photogrammetry during the start with the push-off in crawl, backstroke and butterfly styles. Between genders there were small differences in the distance and speed of transition. The male swimmers travelled greater distances (0.84 ± 0.04 vs. 0.66 ± 0.04 m, η2 = 0.05, F = 10.34, p < 0.001) and they were faster (1.59 ± 0.03 vs. 1.38 ± 0.03 m/s, η2 = 0.08, F = 19.54, p < 0.001) in the transition phase than female swimmers. Among styles there were greater differences in time (η2 = 0.47, F = 94.50, p < 0.001) and transition distance (η2 = 0.38, F = 67.08, p < 0.001), than in speed (η2 = 0.05, F = 5.63, p < 0.001). During the backstroke push-off, swimmers spent more time (0.88 ± 0.04 s) and distance (1.17 ± 0.05 m), this being the slowest style (1.37 ± 0.04 m/s). In butterfly, athletes used less time (0.26 ± 0.03 s) and distance (0.39 ± 0.05 m) whereas crawl was the fastest of all (1.57 ± 0.04 m/s). These results allow the phase of transition from underwater to surface swimming to be characterized and to provide useful data for competitive swimmers and coaches to improve performance.Item Differences in anger depending on sport performance in table tennis players.(Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 2020) González García, Higinio; Pelegrín, Antonia; Trinidad Morales, AlfonsoThe aim of this study is to determine if there are differences in anger levels depending on sport performance in table tennis players. The sample consisted of 93 Spanish table tennis players, 20 players were professionals (21.50%) and 73 were amateur (78.49%). An ad hoc Sociodemographic Questionnaire and the Trait-State Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI 2), were used to measure the different variables. The results showed significant differences in external anger expression (p<.05), depending on league level where the players who took part in greater leagues showed lower levels of anger. Additionally, internal anger control (p<.05) and anger expression index (p<.05) reported significant differences depending on league level where the players who took part in greater leagues showed greater levels. It was concluded that there are differences in anger levels depending on division level. Therefore, it is important to coach players towards anger control in table tennis.Item High-Speed Swimsuits and Their Historical Development in Competitive Swimming.(Frontiers in Psychology, 2019) Trinidad Morales, Alfonso; Tamayo Fajardo, Javier Antonio; González García, HiginioThe goal of this research was to review the experimental studies that have analyzed the influence of “high-speed swimsuits” on sports performance up to the appearance of the model “Jammer” in competitive swimmers. The design was a review following PRISMA Methodology, in which 43 studies were reviewed of a total of 512. Several searches were conducted in electronic databases of the existing research in this field (Google Scholar, Dialnet, Web of Sciences, and Scopus). The only studies excluded were those that reviewed the effects with neoprene and tests with triathletes. The studies that were included were published and peer-reviewed from 1999 to 2018 in which the effect of high-speed swimsuits was analyzed. The results showed the possible effects that high-speed swimwear can have in relation or not to competitive performance, biomechanical, physiological and psychological factors, flotation, drag, the material and the design until the introduction of the model “Jammer.” As conclusions, the lack of consensus due to the variety of fields of study means that improvements in competitions are still not clarified. In addition, the change in the rules may have effects on swimmers even though they have beaten records with other swimwear. Finally, the debate concerning whether medals were won unfairly or not is proposed.