PSICOLOGÍA
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Item Potencial de aprendizaje y habilidades sociales en escolares con el trastorno de Asperger.(Psicología conductual. Vol 18, Nº 3, 2010) Bonete Román, SarayLa mayoría de las investigaciones sobre el Trastorno de Asperger (TA) se han centrado en las características definitorias del trastorno mediante procedimientos estandarizados. Sin embargo, se trata de una perspectiva limitada, especialmente en el ámbito de la interacción social. A partir de los resultados positivos obtenidos desde la evaluación del potencial de aprendizaje en otras alteraciones psicológicas, resulta prometedor plantearse aplicaciones similares para el TA. En este estudio se comparó el rendimiento de un grupo de niños con TA (n= 10, entre 11 y 16 años) y un grupo de escolares con desarrollo normal (igualados en edad y sexo) en un test tradicional de inteligencia, una prueba de potencial de aprendizaje y variables sociales como son las habilidades interpersonales, la empatía y la solución de conflictos interpersonales. Los resultados muestran que no existen diferencias entre grupos en potencial de aprendizaje. Por otro lado, se confirman las dificultades en el TA en variables sociales, de forma significativa en la adecuación de las soluciones en los conflictos interpersonales. Se discuten las implicaciones de utilizar la evaluación del potencial de aprendizaje en el ámbito de la socialización para individuos con TA.Item Relaciones entre el deseo de control y la superstición.(Studies in Psychology, 2012) De Miguel Calvo, Jesús María; Martín Sanz, Noemy; Márquez Sánchez, María OlivaEl deseo de control hace referencia a la motivación por controlar los acontecimientos que suceden en la vida cotidiana. En los últimos años han proliferado investigaciones sobre la relación entre el deseo de control y la superstición. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que las diferencias individuales en el deseo de control moderan la emergencia del pensamiento supersticioso. El objetivo de este trabajo es doble, instrumentalmente se pretende aportar evidencias de validez de la versión española de una escala de deseo de control al relacionarla con la presencia de supersticiones. Por otro lado, se pretende abordar el estudio de las relaciones entre el deseo de control y la superstición en facetas no estudiadas hasta el momento. Han participado 162 personas, 48 hombres y 114 mujeres, con una edad media de 30 años. Los resultados muestran que en una situación no amenazante, las personas con bajo deseo de control son más supersticiosas y reconocen más supersticiones que las personas con medio y alto deseo de control. Se ha encontrado que la confianza que aportan las supersticiones parece ser la causa por la que las personas las utilizan, frente a la buena suerte o la protección.Item Impacto del entrenamiento en habilidades interpersonales para la adaptación laboral en jóvenes con Síndrome de Asperger.(2013) Bonete Román, Saray; Calero García, María Dolores; Fernández Parra, Antonio; Departamento de Personalidad, evaluación y tratamiento psicológico.; Universidad de GranadaItem Conciencia de estigma y calidad de vida en personas con discapacidad física y sensorial.(International Journal of Social Psychology, 2013) Carrasco, Luis-Francisco; Martín Sanz, Noemy; Molero, FernandoEl hecho de pertenecer a un grupo estigmatizado afecta al bienestar y a la calidad de vida de sus miembros. Sin embargo, se desconoce el papel que tiene en el bienestar la conciencia de pertenecer a un grupo estigmatizado. Además, entre los distintos grupos estudiados apenas existe información sobre el colectivo de personas con discapacidad, a pesar de ser un grupo minoritario que sufre también los prejuicios de la sociedad. El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar las relaciones entre la conciencia de estigma y la calidad de vida en un grupo de discapacitados españoles, y cuáles son las variables que determinan dicha relación. Han participado un total de 201 personas, 90 con discapacidad sensorial, 102 con discapacidad física y 9 con otros tipos de discapacidad. Los resultados muestran una relación negativa entre la conciencia de estigma y la calidad de vida, encontrando diferencias en función del sexo, del tipo de discapacidady de la razón de la discapacidad.Item Group training in interpersonal problem-solving skills for workplace adaptation of adolescents and adults with Asperger syndrome. A preliminary study.(Autism, 2014) Bonete Román, Saray; Calero, María Dolores; Fernández Parra, AntonioAdults with Asperger Syndrome show persistent difficulties in social situations which psychosocial treatments may address. Despite the multiple studies focusing on social skills interventions little have focused specifically on problem-solving skills and have not targeted workplace adaptation training in the adult population. This study describes preliminary data from a group format manual-based intervention, the Interpersonal Problem-Solving for Workplace Adaptation (SCI-Labour) Programme, aimed at improving the cognitive and metacognitive process of social problem-solving skills focusing on typical social situations in the workplace based on mediation as the main strategy. Fifty adults with Asperger syndrome received programme and were compared with a control group of typical development. The feasibility and effectiveness of the treatment were explored. Participants were assessed at pre-treatment and post-treatment on a task of social problem-solving skills and two secondary measures of socialisation and work profile using self- and caregiver-report. Using a variety of methods, the results showed that scores were significantly higher at post-treatment in the social problem-solving task and socialisation skills based on reports by parents. Differences in comparison to the control group had decreased after treatment. The treatment was acceptable to families and subject adherence was high. SCI-Labour Programme appears to be a feasible training programme.Item Down-Town: Misterio en el metro. Un serious game dirigido a personas con síndrome de Down.(2015) Bonete Román, Saray; Ruano, Oscar; García Tejedor, Álvaro José; PsicologíaItem Effectiveness of Manualised Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skills Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).(Psicothema, 2016) Bonete Román, Saray; Molinero Caparrós, Clara; Mata, Sara; Calero, Mª Dolores; Gómez-Pérez, María del MarChildren with Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) frequently present a defi cit in interpersonal and social problem solving skills. The Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skills Programme for Children (SCIChildren) comprises 10 weekly, one hour sessions working on interpersonal abilities from a mediation strategy for training purposes. Method: The fi rst study explores the effectiveness of training through pre- and post-treatment evaluations of a sample of 22 children with ASD (7-13 years of age). The second study replicates the programme with 15 children who were assessed three times (three months before the programme starts, at the beginning of the training and at the end of it). Results: In the fi rst study, signifi cant differences were found in outcome measures (a parent-report subscale of a socialisation measure and child performance on one subscale and total scores of an interpersonal problem-solving skills task). Results in the second study showed no signifi cant changes in absence of the treatment during the waiting period and signifi cant changes after the treatment in the socialisation measure. Conclusions: These fi ndings suggest that the SCI-Children program causes positive impact on the participants. Further evaluation is warranted.Item Effectiveness of Manualised Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skills Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).(Psicothema, 2016) Bonete Román, Saray; Molinero Caparrós, Clara; Mata, Sara; Calero, María Dolores; Gómez Pérez, María del MarChildren with Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) frequently present a defi cit in interpersonal and social problem solving skills. The Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skills Programme for Children (SCIChildren) comprises 10 weekly, one hour sessions working on interpersonal abilities from a mediation strategy for training purposes. Method: The fi rst study explores the effectiveness of training through pre- and post-treatment evaluations of a sample of 22 children with ASD (7-13 years of age). The second study replicates the programme with 15 children who were assessed three times (three months before the programme starts, at the beginning of the training and at the end of it). Results: In the fi rst study, signifi cant differences were found in outcome measures (a parent-report subscale of a socialisation measure and child performance on one subscale and total scores of an interpersonal problem-solving skills task). Results in the second study showed no signifi cant changes in absence of the treatment during the waiting period and signifi cant changes after the treatment in the socialisation measure. Conclusions: These fi ndings suggest that the SCI-Children program causes positive impact on the participants. Further evaluation is warranted.Item Social participation of the elders in Europe: the influence of individual and contextual variables.(Ageing International, 2017) Molina Martínez, Mª Ángeles; Cañadas Reche, Jose L.; Serrano del Rosal, RafaelThis study analyzes the social participation of older people based on individual and contextual variables. For this purpose the data of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) in particular waves 1, 2 and 4 have been used. A four-level model with fixed and random effects was carried out. The model obtained shows the effect of individual variables: a greater participation in more recent waves, in ages between 60-70 years and the effect of variables such as cognitive functioning, years of education and health self-perception. But significant differences were also found in participation in contextual variables and between countries. These results are important for public policy managers, who must take into account not only individual variables, but also contextual variables, which explain the differences in the participation rate of the elderly.Item Diferencias neuropsicológicas entre subtipos de deterioro cognitivo leve.(Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia, 2017) De la Peña Álvarez, Cristina; Parra Bolaños, Nicolás; Fernández Medina, Juliana; Bernabeu Brotons, ElenaIntroducción: En los últimos años, las investigaciones han centrado su interés en hallar el perfil neuropsicológico que distinga los distintos subtipos de DCL. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la existencia de diferencias significativas en procesos neuropsicológicos como estado general de conciencia, atención, memoria, lenguaje, visopercepción y función ejecutiva entre dos subtipos de DCL (disejecutivo y multidominio). Métodos: Se seleccionó una muestra de 37 pacientes con DCL con edades entre 40 y 83 años pertenecientes a consultas privadas de Medellín, a los que se les administraron diferentes pruebas de valoración neuropsicológica. Resultados: Los resultados muestran la existencia de diferencias significativas entre los dos subtipos de DCL: los sujetos con un perfil de deterioro multidominio mostraron una peor ejecución en tareas visoperceptivas, de memoria verbal, de lenguaje y, contrariamente a lo esperado, de función ejecutiva. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos son relevantes para la intervención neuropsicológica y prevención del deterioro.Item Comparing the acceptability of a positive psychology intervention versus a cognitive-behavioral therapy for clinical depression.(Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 2017) López Gómez, Irene; Chaves Vélez, Covadonga; Hervás, Gonzalo; Vázquez, CarmeloThere is growing evidence on the efficacy of positive psychology interventions (PPI) to treat clinical disorders. However, very few studies have addressed their acceptability. The present study aimed to analyze two key components of acceptability (i.e., client satisfaction and adherence to treatment) of a new PPI programme, the Integrative Positive Psychological Intervention for Depression (IPPI-D), in comparison to a standard CBT programme in the treatment of clinical depression. One hundred twenty-eight women with a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depression or dysthymia were allocated to a 10-session IPPI-D or CBT group intervention condition. Results showed that both interventions were highly acceptable for participants. Attendance rates were high and there were no significant differences between conditions. However, the IPPI-D condition showed significantly higher client satisfaction than the CBT condition. Moreover, acceptability did not differ based on participants’ severity of symptoms, regardless of condition. These findings encourage further investigations of the applicability of PPI in clinical settings in order to broaden the range of acceptable and suitable therapies for depressed patients.Item Psychometric properties of the CASP-12 in a Spanish older community dwelling sample.(Aging & Mental Health, 2017) Pérez Rojo, Gema; Martín Sanz, Noemy; Noriega, Cristina; López, JavierCurrent studies have shown that older people ́s Quality of Life (QoL) is more associated to individual ́s sense of happiness and subjective life satisfaction than to objective problems, such as physical functioning. CASP scale conceptualizes QoL based in a psycho-sociological perspective. Originally it consisted of 19 items (four factors: control, autonomy, self-realization and pleasure; the first letter of each factor were joined to create the acronym, CASP), but Wiggins, Netuvelli, Hyde, Higgs and Blane (2008) proposed a shorter version including 12 items and three factors (control combined with autonomy, pleasure and self-realization). Objective and methods. The aim of this study was to assess the structure of the CASP- 12 SHARE version using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a sample of 1,108 people aged 60 years and over. We checked the CASP structures traditionally proposed (one-dimensional, four dimension first-order factor and second order factor model) and tested, for the first time, the three domains model proposed by Wiggins et al. (2008) with the objective of constructing a model with acceptable fit to the data that also retains the theoretical value of the scale. Results. The three factor model (1) pleasure, 2) self-realization and 3) autonomy and control) showed a good overall fit (CFI=.932; TLI=.912; RMSEA=.067). An adequate internal consistency was also obtained. Conclusion. This is the first study that explored the psychometric properties and validated a well-fitting three factor structure proposed by Wiggins and cols (2008) for the CASP-12 in a large population sample of older people from Spain. The results of the current study support a multidimensional model for the CASP-12 composed by three factors. The CASP-12 has potential to be used as a multidimensional tool to assess QoL in older people.Item Dislexia y discalculia: una revisión sistemática actual desde la neurogenética.(Universitas Psychologica, 2018) De la Peña Álvarez, Cristina; Bernabeu Brotons, ElenaLos Trastornos Específicos del Aprendizaje constituyen un grupo heterogéneo de alteraciones frecuentes que pueden generar problemas importantes no solo durante la etapa escolar, sino a lo largo de toda la vida. Las dificultades persistentes en lectura (dislexia) y en matemáticas (discalculia) son, por su relevancia y prevalencia, los dos Trastornos de Aprendizaje más importantes en la práctica educativa y clínica. El objetivo del estudio es realizar una síntesis de los descubrimientos científicos de los últimos diez años sobre las bases neuroanatómicas y genéticas de la dislexia y la discalculia. Se realizó un análisis exhaustivo bibliográfico desde 2006 hasta enero de 2017 en inglés y español centrados en neuroimagen y genética de dislexia y discalculia mediante las bases de datos Medline, PsyInfo, Scopus, Web of Science y Dialnet. Se incluyeron 38 artículos de los cuales se extrajeronn las aportaciones desde la neuroimagen y la genética tanto para la dislexia como de discalculia. Estos datos facilitaron herramientas para orientar al contexto psicológico y educativo, a su vez proporcionando respuestas definitivas.Item Family and community support among older Chilean adults: the importance of heterogeneous social support sources for quality of life.(Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 2018) Gallardo Peralta, Lorena P.; Barrón López de Roda, Ana; Molina Martínez, Mª Ángeles; Schettini del Moral, RocíoFamily and community social networks act as social resources that promote well-being at advanced ages. In this study, we analyze the association between social support received from personal social networks (social support from various family members and friends) and community social networks (social support from neighbors and the neighborhood, age, ethnic, or religious group peers and formal social support networks) and quality of life (QoL) for a sample of older Chilean persons (n = 777). The results confirm that social support from family (partner, children, and extended family) and friends, integration in the community (neighbors) and social support from informal systems (social groups) are associated with QoL. Moreover, the model including both types of support explains 25.8% of variance in QoL. The results and their possible implications are discussed.Item Perfiles neuropsicológicos en anorexia y bulimia nerviosa.(Revista de neurología, 2018) Solano Pinto, Natalia; Peña, Cristina de la; Solbes Canales, Irene; Bernabeu Brotons, ElenaIntroducción. Los trastornos de la alimentación son trastornos mentales graves que se manifiestan de diferentes formas diagnósticas, como la anorexia nerviosa y la bulimia nerviosa. En los últimos años, diversos estudios han enfatizado la participación de procesos neuropsicológicos en la anorexia y la bulimia nerviosas. Objetivo. Revisar las evidencias sobre los déficits en funciones ejecutivas, sesgos atencionales y coherencia central en la anorexia y la bulimia nerviosas en relación con un perfil neuropsicológico de riesgo, un perfil neuropsicológico diferente asociado a las mencionadas patologías alimentarias y el papel de variables (índice de masa corporal, edad, ansiedad, impulsividad, alexitimia, estado de ánimo, imagen corporal) en la presencia de déficits neuropsicológicos. Desarrollo. Revisión de los estudios empíricos de los últimos siete años encontrados en las bases de datos Medline y Psyc- INFO para inglés, y Dialnet y Psicodoc para castellano. Se han seleccionado 28 artículos para el objetivo propuesto. La elección de los documentos se realizó conforme a unos criterios preestablecidos. Conclusiones. Según las evidencias disponibles, parece existir un perfil de riesgo caracterizado por rigidez cognitiva y coherencia central débil. Los resultados parecen más consistentes en relación con el perfil de riesgo en la anorexia nerviosa. Además, tanto en la anorexia como en la bulimia nerviosa existen sesgos atencionales relacionados con el reconocimiento de emociones y aspectos sociales, y el rasgo de alexitimia es una variable moduladora en dicha dificultad.Item Attitude change as a function of the number of words in which thoughts are expressed.(Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2018) Gandarillas Gutiérrez, Beatriz; Briñol, Pablo; Petty, Richard E.; Díaz, DaríoThis research examines whether varying the number of words in which thoughts are expressed can influence subsequent evaluations. Across six studies, keeping the number of thoughts constant, we tested to what extent the length of the thoughts, the personal importance of the topic, and the extent of practice in short versus long thought expression influenced attitude change. In the first two studies, expressing thoughts in one word (vs. many words) led to less thought use when the topic was high in importance (Experiment 1) but to more thought use when topic was low in importance (Experiment 2). In a third study, the number of words used was manipulated along with the perceived importance of the experimental task. As predicted, expressing thoughts was perceived to be easier with one vs. many words when the task was low in importance but the opposite held when it was high in importance. In Experiment 4, attitudes were more influenced by thoughts when one word was used in a task that was framed to low importance task but many words were used on the task framed with high importance. Experiment 5 included a direct manipulation of ease and extended these results from a motivational framework to an ability setting by using a paradigm in which familiarity (based on prior training) interacted with thought length to affect attitudes. A final study replicated the key effect with more real-world materials, and extended the contribution from an experimental approach to testing process to a measurement approach to mediation.Item What does progenitors of people with ASD cope with? Systematic review of risk and prospective factors.(2018) Del Cid, Teresa; Bonete Román, SarayThis study reviews the possible sources of stress, and the available sources of support and coping strategies embraced by parents of people with ASD. 42 empirical articles, published between 2008 and 2017 in quality scientific journals, were selected. The review showed that degree of symptoms’ severity and behavioural problems, parental stress, level of family income and future perception appear as the principal risk factors. Protective factors were marital satisfaction, communication skills, positive co-parenting, coping strategies, positive cognitions, hope, self-efficacy and social support. There is a need to create specific groups of care attention to provide tools and enhance the caregivers’ specific strengths and personal skills based on these factors to improve family resilience and quality of life.Item Melodic intonation therapy in post-stroke nonfluent aphasia: a randomized pilot trial.(Clinical rehabilitation, 2018) Haro Martínez, Ana; Lubrini, Genny; Madero Jarabo, Rosario; Díez Tejedor, Exuperio; Fuentes, BlancaObjective: To collect data to estimate the sample size of a definitive randomised clinical trial to evaluate the effects of Melodic Intonation Therapy in poststroke nonfluent aphasia. Design: A randomised, crossover, interventional pilot trial. Setting: Departments of Neurology and Rehabilitation from a university general hospital. Participants: Stroke survivors with poststroke nonfluent aphasia. Interventions: Patients randomised to group 1 had treatment with Melodic Intonation Therapy first (12 sessions over 6 weeks) followed by no treatment; the patients in group 2 started active treatment between 3 and 6 months after their inclusion in the study, serving as waiting list controls for the first phase. Main measures: The Communicative Activity Log (CAL) questionnaire and the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) were evaluated at baseline, and at 6 and 12 weeks. Results: Twenty patients were included. Four of the patients allocated to group 2 crossed over to group 1, receiving the treatment at first. Intention-to-treat analysis: after adjustment for baseline scores, the mean difference in the CAL evaluation from baseline in the treated group was 8.5 points (95% CI, 0.11–17.0; P=.043), with no significant change in any of the BDAE sections. Per protocol analysis showed similar results with a clear treatment effect (P=.043) on the CAL. Conclusions: Melodic Intonation Therapy might have a positive effect on the communication skills of stroke survivors with nonfluent aphasia as measured by the CAL questionnaire. A full-scale trial with at least 27 patients per group is necessary to confirm these results.Item Interrupting a joke validates thoughts and polarizes attitudes towards a recycling company.(International Journal of Social Psychology, 2018) Santos, David; Stavraki, María; Gandarillas Gutiérrez, Beatriz; Cancela, Ana; Briñol, PabloPositive emotions can validate either positive or negative thoughts. Previous research has demonstrated that people use their thoughts more when they recall past episodes of happiness and when they are induced to smile. This study was designed to evaluate whether a new induction of a happy mood (a joke) can influence thought use in response to a persuasive proposal. Two versions of the same joke were compared: a version that included an interruption before the punchline and another that did not include an interruption at that point. The aim was to examine whether this interruption increased or decreased the use of previously generated thoughts towards a persuasive communication. The results indicated that the participants who were interrupted before the punchline relied more on their own thoughts in forming their attitudes than did those who were in the control group. In consequence, an interruption during a pleasant experience (e.g., a joke) increased persuasion when thoughts were positive but decreased persuasion when thoughts were negative.Item The impact of economic recessions on depression and individual and social well-being: The case of Spain (European Social Surveys 2006 and 2013).(Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2018) Chaves Vélez, Covadonga; Castellanos, Tamara; Abrams, Matthew; Vázquez, CarmeloPurpose. Although there is abundant evidence about their impact of economic crises on depression and other mental health problems, little is known about the protective role of variables linked to positive functioning (i.e., psychological well-being). Methods. We analyzed data from Spain, one of the European countries most affected by the 2008-2013 economic recession, collected in Round 3 (R3, 2006) and Round 6 (R6, 2013) of the European Social Survey interviews. Both surveys included measures of psychological well-being, social well-being and depression. Both samples were nationally representative of the general population (R3: 1877 participants, 49.2% men; R6: 1889 participants, 48.9% men). Results. Data from the R6 survey showed that, compared to data gathered in R3 (i.e., before the onset of the recession), Spanish citizens showed significantly less life satisfaction (95% CIs .37 to .63), less personal optimism (95% CIs .03 to .15), less social optimism (95% CIs .75 to .85), and higher levels of depressive symptoms (95% CIs -.74 to -.19). Structural equation modeling revealed that protective factors for depression changed in both rounds. In R3 (2006), social optimism and social trust were significant mediators between well-being and depression. Yet, both buffering variables were no longer significant in R6 (2013). In R6, psychological well-being was directly related to depression with no further mediation. Conclusions. Economic crises are associated with a significant increase of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, financial crises seem to have a corrosive impact on mental health by reducing the buffering effects of positive beliefs regarding the good nature of society.